How Useful Are Sources A to C To Explain Why The United States Became Involved In The War In Vietnam?

Sources A-C gives us some insight into why the USA fought and got involved in Vietnam and reveals a number of reasons about Vietnam. I shall be reviewing each source from which I have stated above. Sources A, B and C. Source A is a primary public speech made by President Johnson (Lyndon Baines Johnson) in April 1965 just one month after the start of ‘Operation Rolling Thunder' helping to stop communism according to the provenance. In the speech Johnson is stating in the source, I quote â€Å"We fight in Vietnam because we have a promise to keep†. By this statement indeed Johnson did want his opinions to be heard and notified by his fellow American citizens, so they shall believe every word that comes out of Johnson's mouth. This was due to a promise being made by President Eisenhower when he was elected president in the year of 1953. Lyndon Johnson wishes all the Americans to trust in what he is saying to be 100% truthful and is trying to carry on regarding the promise made by Eisenhower and earn everyone's respect. The ‘Truman Doctrine' was also mentioned about. This is a list of every American President who had been elected in year 1948 to agree with a various amount of promises which they written then had to sign. Truman Doctrine was a promise they were fighting for â€Å"promised to help when there are any threats of communism†. So Johnson decided he wanted to do the same thing, so he signed and agreed once president. In the year of 1954, President Eisenhower and JFK started transporting â€Å"advisers† as the first president Kennedy would have wanted. From the tone of Johnson's words in the speech, you can tell he jus maybe talking in a religious manner and might even be a religious person within the speech. President Lyndon Johnson wants to reassure every single American citizen about the â€Å"Domino Theory†. This was a theory of a mid-20th century foreign policy theory. The title ‘Domino' is given to this theory because it can end up like a stack of dominos. This is because if you let one country fall to communism then each over country around that county would then soon follow falling one to another and become communism itself and Johnson was petrified of this happening. Lyndon Johnson is trying to make everyone go and fight in the Vietnam War. As most of the American citizens believed this is what would eventually happen if just one country did fall to communism and it's why Johnson is trying to justify himself. In the year of 1945 nearly all of all the American leaders all offered to help and give their own support of the Vietnam War. President Eisenhower was a well respected and great general of the war. There was one thing which was expected to be achieved or aimed said by President Johnson in the speech, I quote â€Å"the independence of the South and the freedom of the people of South Vietnam to guide their own country in their own way'. The Americans also think that they're available to strengthen â€Å"world order† because the U.S.A as democratic wanting to stop communism. Although there were two countries that relied on the Americans if they were at any point attacked which were ‘Thailand' and ‘Berlin'. If Vietnam was left to fight for itself, then it would increasingly look terrible on some of the promises which the Americans agreed with, due to American's believing it was their duty and their own right to fight for Vietnam. Johnson implied, I quote â€Å"to leave Vietnam to its fate would shake the value of an American commitment and in the value of America's word. The result would be instability and unrest, and even wider war†. I could say this source is being very biased, due to because Johnson is only giving his own opinion on what the American citizens want to hear, whilst he is keeping his real thoughts inside and not expressing his personal opinions. The source can be seen quite useful, but has limitations, as I have stated, it's a public speech where Johnson isn't really voicing his truths about what he thinks of Vietnam. To look at Johnson's person views, then I can begin to study source B. Source B is a private primary speech made by President Johnson in May 1964 according to the provenance. At this point in time, Lyndon Baines Johnson was only just elected president. With Johnson being V.P. (Vice President) he knew a lot regarding Vietnam and knew how everything worked. Lyndon Johnson became the thirty-seventh Vice President in the years from and to 1963-1965. Johnson was one of the major leaders of the ‘Democratic Party'. Also Lyndon Johnson was the one who were in charge of creating the â€Å"Great Society†. President Lyndon Baines in this private speech is discussing a number of things which includes criticizing most of his very own American citizens. I quote â€Å"I don't think the people of our country know much about Vietnam, and I think we care a hell of a lot less†. From Johnson stating these words, he is blatantly calling most of the American citizens dumb, thick and lack of knowledge about the Vietnam. With Johnson saying this, he has a very low profile on the American citizens and implies that the U.S.A cannot win the war. In public no-one would use the word â€Å"hell† like Johnson did in the speech, due to it being a southern religious Texan society which always stayed faithful and don't appreciate foul language such as swearing. Speaking in Private Johnson doesn't care what he is implying and doesn't have to bite his tongue to try and stop himself from voicing his very own opinions like he does when speaking out in public. As Johnson knows that none of the American citizens shall hear what he really thinks about them. In this source President Johnson is really voicing his opinions. You know this by Johnson saying, I quote â€Å"I don't think we can fight them ten thousand miles away from home, I don't think it's worth fighting for. What the hell is Vietnam worth to me?† Johnson is agreeing that the U.S.A need to stand up to communism, as Johnson is terrified of communism. Although, he is trying to get his personal views across which is stating Vietnam is not worth anything at all. It's like Lyndon Johnson isn't really concerned and couldn't care less about his people and about the Vietnam War. It's showing us that Johnson is scared and has fears of communism taking over the world as states and that the political consideration â€Å"Let's move on, let's go into the North† are just being selfish. We have to be very suspicious within this speech, as it hasn't been edited or tampered with and indeed if it's all whole trustworthy. Possibly was it taped? As it has been to believed that since President Johnson been president in the white house his office was monitored by everything that had been said by recorders. But is this really reliable and exactly what U.S.A. President Lyndon Baines Johnson really said? As I have stated before it can be edited in various ways making things sound different from what has actually been said, which could make this source a limitation. Source C is a secondary speech of a modern writer interview with Professor Noam Chomsky, an American critic of the war in October 1982 according to the provenance underneath the extract. The interview is talking about political reasons of the U.S.A and how they went to war which was to dominate Vietnam. Also to discontinue South Vietnam from independence and indeed there was an attack on South Vietnam from the U.S.A. Professor Noam Chomsky says, I quote, â€Å"The U.S. did not want an independent South Vietnam that was no longer dominated by America. It feared that South Vietnam might be able to reform and improve itself – develop it's economy- and that might work†. Chomsky is being biased due to him being an anti-American, and is therefore being biased towards the American country. To sum up the conclusion of sources A-C all have value and limitations. In my view source B is most useful as it's a private speech where Johnson is criticizing most of his own American citizens by using negative comments and is saying what he really thinks about Vietnam along with the citizens plus America. Once this private speech with Johnson's personal opinions and views about Vietnam, the tape was then exposed to everyone. Therefore source B is definitely the most useful out of them all.

Excellence vs. Success

Excellence vs.. Success Ohio Christian University 2 Excellence and success are two words that most people have a fear of either having or not having. Growing up in an ever changing world where technology was Just beginning, cell phones were giant radios that you would carry around in a big black box and the internet was rarely heard of by the hustle and bustle of every day common people, excellence was not even in my vocabulary. It seems to take a great number of us most of our adult life to live up to our full potential and sadly, many of us never do.Johnston Nonstop 2004) defines excellence and success in a manner that anyone could understand. He says it is a certain life style, a manner of living, a hierarchy of values, an admirable self-imposed standard (p. 25). Excellence is determined by the individual defining it and, therefore, means for each of us the definition of excellence is different and on our own terms. According to Johnston (2004) success, on the other hand, is defin ed by cultural ideas, that â€Å"pot of gold at the end of the rainbow' (p. 30). The question is does success outweigh excellence in today's society?We are defined by our clothes, the cars we drive, the house we live in, our bank accounts and even our friends. We all strive for success, that pot of gold, but how many of us strive for excellence? Excellence and success can be prevented by a lack of confidence and fear. We seem to put unrealistic expectations on ourselves and that fear of failure prevents many of us from living up to our full potential, this I have learned from my own personal experience. For these two words 3 being so closely related, society seems to get them greatly confused. There was a time success was most important to me but not anymore.When I was saved I began to strive for excellence Just by my actions. Living a life of Christ requires excellence which reminds me of a bible verse I read â€Å"Give her of the fruit of her hands; and let her own works praise her in the gates†. (Proverbs 31 :31 XIV). My actions today need to reflect upon me when I reach the gates of heaven. I will make mistakes along the way because I am human but I also know that as long as I give 110 percent I am doing my best. References Johnston, J. , & Costing, K. W. (2004). Christian Excellence: Alternative to Success (2nd De. ). Franklin, TN: KOOK pub.

Communication & Emoticons Essay

Communication through the use of computer and the Internet used to be impersonal and largely for business-related tasks. With the formation of chat rooms, social interaction in the Internet became commonplace even creating a culture of its own. This culture evolved to include emoticons as a way of expressing emotions that otherwise would have been impossible to show. Emoticons become the electronic equivalent of a person’s reactions that could only be shown in a face-to-face interaction. In business communication, emoticons are seldom used unless the correspondents are close acquaintances. If they are used, it is often limited to the smiley icon to soften what otherwise would sound a stern message. In chat rooms and informal communications, more than 50 emoticons are available to make the conversation or message come alive. A person can use an emoticon for being angry, pleased, confused, sarcastic, and surprised using icons that are already made embedded in chat rooms or e-mail servers. Other emoticons can also be made using a few key strokes. While emoticons have become part of electronic interaction, many people still could not understand their use and implication. Often, only the Internet savvy use emoticons among themselves. In the older generation, emoticons in e-mail messages do not illicit the same response, rather, they could be the possible source of confusion. D’Addario says in a research article that the smiley faces, one type of emoticon, does not affect the emotional response of most e-mail message readers. This indicates that while emoticons have become part of electronic social communication, its impact on people would vary. Some people may find themselves understanding the mood of the party, others will be indifferent, while some would not understand. Reference D’Addario, K. P. Do Those Little â€Å"Smiley-Faces† In Electronic Mail Have An Effect On The Reader? Retrieved October 8, 2008, from http://www. macobserver. com/kpd/emoticonpaper. html

Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Final Exam - Essay Example Connelly (2010) gave many reasons to support his argument. He states that In his book ‘Congressional Government’ Wilson’s suggestion on American politics were incomplete and were not fully evolved to a certain extent. Even though he stated that â€Å"radical defect† (Connelly, 2010, 119) of the constitutional system is separation of powers he did not tackle or changed the fundamental flaw of separation of legislative and executive powers of American Constitution. Wilson suggested that â€Å"the cure for the friction of the separation of powers can be found in the fusion of party government† (Connelly, 2010, 119), however Connelly (2010) was of the opinion that he disregarded the separation of powers’ potentiality for fission. ... According to Connelly even though Wilson was a good politician and political scientist to point out the defects of the constitutional systems he lacked the perception to understand its strengths (Connelly, 2010). Even though Wilson stood out as a worthy opponent to James Madison federalist view, questioned and raised the defects of pluralist system, yet his idea of pure party government was not feasible under the system of separation of powers however it might have been possible within House of Representatives with majority according to Connelly (2010). Therefore Connelly opined that Woodrow Wilson’s project was doomed to failure. 2. How might Tocqueville explain the objectives of Piven & Cloward’s project to especially target the poor in voter registration drives? (minimum 300 words). Tocqueville (1838, 1) in his book ‘Democracy in America’ stated that â€Å"in United States even religion of most of the citizens is republican, since it submits the truths of the other world to private judgment, as in politics the care of their temporal interests in abandoned to the good sense of the people†. He further states that republican ideas are so ingratiated into Americans that they become habits, opinions and ultimately recognized formally as laws. To change republican’s notions hijacking the ideals of American and its democracy, Tocqueville (1838) suggests revolutionizing the whole society. He thinks that it can happen only with consistent efforts and series of events over a period of time with opposite opinions that can substitute this process. He also opines that in America, to destroy the republican ideology a difficult social process

Are fish and chips really british's national dish Essay

Are fish and chips really british's national dish - Essay Example Fish and chips are a traditional food in the United Kingdom and one of the few dishes that is distinctively British (Smith, 2006:103). The dish contains a piece of fish, usually cod, or haddock that undergo dipping in butterfat and then deep-fried. Cut potatoes that are deep-fried to produce a product named chips is the usual companion of the fish. The dish is served in paper, seasoned with salt and vinegar, and its consumption or eating is done using the fingers or a wooden fork. Most towns in the UK have numerous restaurants band fast food joints that serve fish and chips. Fish and chips have a long history because they existed during the Victorian era and by twentieth century; the dish had gained popularity and British regarded it as a symbol of British identity and class (Le Besco, 2008:33). More so, chips and fish were important form of sustenance during two world wars. In spite of fish and chips venturing in to diverse nations in the world, chips and the fish seemed to have sto len the hearts of the Britons (Smith, 2006:103). This is the case because the British have embraced it as their national food to the extent that they have formed annual awards that award the best restaurants that serve the best fish and chips. For instance, the National Fish & Chip Awards were held for the 25th time in 2013 this year, and The Bay in Stone haven, Aberdeen shire, got the awards as the best British fish and chips shop in Britain. To proof this point, scholars researched on the intensive perception of the British in consuming fish and chips in 1999. Their research findings claimed that the Britons consumed approximately 300 million servings of fish and chips. This is equivalent to six servings for everybody in the country. More so, statistics claim that there are around 8,500 fish and chip shops across the UK, and McDonald’s outlet is the favorite outlet that serves this dish (Smith, 2006:103). Argument against the fact that fish and chips are British’s na tional dish With current changes, the chips and fish perception seem to be changing as well. These changes are a result of stiff competition from other take away food such as pizzas and burgers. More so, the other major reason as to why British are opting for other food is because they are becoming health conscious since fish and chips contain and partly due to health concern over the high fat content of fish and chips (Smith, 2006:111). Still in this section, fish and chips have become more expensive as the days go by and that is why people are opting otherwise. Current survey, British cuisine boosts a wide range of tastes, which may vary from region to region. Many of their dishes are foods like meat, fish, potatoes, flour, butter, and eggs. Main dishes are products of beef, lamb, chicken, fish, or pork whose accompaniment is potatoes or carrots, peas, cabbages and onions. Some of the main dishes have strange names like Toad-in-the-Hole and Bubble & Squeak and. In addition, some o f the most common and typical foods, very popular in England are sandwiches, pies, trifle and roasts dinners (Smith, 2006:111). However, above all these dishes, sandwich tops them all. Sandwich invention came earlier than even the chips because it estimates claim that sandwich was invented in the mid seventeenth century. The sandwich idea came from a certain gambler who asked a waiter to offer him a piece of ham that he placed between the two

Medical Marijuana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Medical Marijuana - Essay Example According to the essay the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States has approved the use of chemicals extracted from marijuana known as cannabinoids. The endorsement was made after scientific studies conducted on chemical components of the drug. Further, pharmaceutical drugs have been developed using marijuana chemicals for therapeutic purposes at the same time removing chemicals that have been causing side effects and highness.This study declares that medical marijuana laws MML have was passed in states like Maryland to remove penalties imposed on users of marijuana whenever they are got in possession of or using marijuana. According to medical marijuana laws, doctors are expected to provide approval to patients regarding the use of marijuana for medical benefits. The approval given to patients will render them immune to any prosecution by states when they are got in possession or using marijuana.  Marijuana use has been associated with increased motor vehicle accid ents and increasing burden on healthcare. Longer use of the drug has contributed to brain damage, cognitive impairment and respiratory damage when smoked. Other heath related risks associated with the use of marijuana includes bronchitis, lung cancer, heart attack and wheezing.  Use of marijuana for a long time is likely to cause severe implications stated above. Those against the use of marijuana for medical purpose explain that marijuana has two chemical components  that are harmful to human.

Audit process Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Audit process - Research Paper Example Some of them are like the independent auditors; these are the types of auditors who are always CPA’s. These individuals are always either practitioners or otherwise members of the public accounting firms who always hire their services to the professional auditing to the customers in need. On the other hand, these individuals are always licensed after going through the CPA tests after which they are certified. These individuals are always ready to render their services after having a factual experience in a working auditing firm. In the contemporary world, the elevated levels of competition subjects external auditors to roles of value incorporated services that can be characterised by business risks as well as providing the necessary management of a business internal management risks. It is noted to be very necessary for the external auditors to act in the control as well as under the perception of an independent thinker as well as with the intents done on good faith while performing their audit responsibilities. The internal auditors are always employees of an organisations concerned with the auditing activities. These types of auditors are always concerned with the analysis of facts in the organisations, often referred to as internal auditing. The major responsibility of the internal editors is always concerned with the management in the firm with the aim of impacting the objectives of the organisation. On the other hand, there are the government auditors. These kinds of auditors are always employees of a particular local government, state or otherwise the federal government. This class of auditors can be further categorised into three other classes; general accounting officers, internal revenue services and lastly the defence contract audit agency. On the other hand, the last classification of auditors is the independent auditors. The independent auditors are neither employed by the government or other agencies but rather they provide their

UK politics 4 articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

UK politics 4 articles - Essay Example Which may or may not apply to the situation in the United Kingdom. The Daily Mail report also implied that Britain is not taking the threat of Redding seriously as it is a claim that tends to come around every year. Although various incarnations of this request have made its way to the higher ups in Britain, nobody has taken it seriously due to the expenses entailed in its implementation. Along with the request for equal rights, the Eurocrats were also calling for the creation of their own versions of MI5, MI6, and GCHQ. All in an effort to prevent electronic security breaches. A move that does not sit well with the U.K, because of the prohibitive costs of doing such a ting. Just like all other countries in the world today, Britain is being affected by tax problems and the citizens of the nation seem to be paying the most price for it. In a show of affiliation with the people and a concern for their financial needs, British Prime Minister David Cameron has vowed to return every penny of tax money to the public in the form of tax cuts. This move of his is believed to be a sign that the Conservative party will be placing the discussion of taxes at the forefront of next years electoral campaign. As expected the plan did not sit well with all Conservatives, some of whom believe that more taxes should be collected from people falling under the 40p tax band. Divisiveness within the party is not a good thing going into an election year. Disagreements and debates have already been sparked even as the prime minister continues to argue that the move to rebate taxes is a good thing because it will not only balance the budget of the British government, but also create a more â€Å"responsible† British society. As the face of British politics continues to evolve into the 21st century, it is becoming more and more likely that the Conservative party shall be losing is

Women and Crime Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Women and Crime - Research Paper Example Indeed, the needs of men and women—particularly in the context of the correction system—are vastly different. While the numbers of women prisoners as compared to male prisons remain relatively low, rising percentages cause concern, and this fact should produce questions about whether the criminal justice system is doing enough specifically for women. Additionally, the widespread inclusion of women in positions working within the criminal justice system shows progress in finding ways to include all people in the process of improving society’s laws and enforcement. The criminal justice system does not provide female offenders and employees with the kind of treatment best suited to them; instead, men and women are treated as interchangeable, which leads to negative effects on women and society. The current practice of the criminal justice system in the United States offers minimal differences in the handling of female offenders as compared to male offenders. Nevertheless, they are often arrested for minor crimes and are subject to higher rates of physical and sexual abuse (Braithwaite, Treadwell, & Arriola, 2008). Also, women in correctional facilities are far more susceptible to mental health problems; for instance, a recent study found nearly 73% of women in state prisons showed symptoms of mental health disorders, as compared to 12% of females and 8% of men in the general population (Covington, 2007). According to Braithwaite, Treadwell and Arriola (2008), women are grouped together across a diverse range of different crimes. This is because women prisoner populations are significantly smaller than male populations. Therefore, women convicted of very minor crimes find themselves in the same facility as women convicted of serious crime. In contrast, male prisoners are assigned to one of many options of facility, depending on an array

Energy Drinks Case Study Essay Example for Free

Energy Drinks Case Study Essay There are new coming items in beverage industry during the mid-2000s, which are energy drinks, sports drinks and Vitamin-Enhanced beverages. These items focus on different flavors, specified consumers, efficient distribution systems, and products innovation in the beverage market. They compete with water, soft drinks, juices, tea, and other common drinks, which are in low prices, good and long history of brand reputation, easy to accept the taste. From 2005 until now, alternative beverages grow fast and take more and more market share in the whole world beverage market. The main alternative beverages companies are Coca Cola, PepsiCo, Red Bull and Hansen Natural Corporation. Energy drinks, spots drinks, and vitamin-enhanced beverages use many strategies to find a good position in the beverage industry in the Global market, which also give us some ideas about how to operate beverage companies. Firstly, alternative beverages take the action via wider product selection, better product quality, good delivery system to gain sales and market share. For example, PepsiCo develops 12 flavors of Amp Energy drinks and 28 varieties of SoBe vitamin-enhanced drinks (Gamble, 2010, p. C-83). Again, PepsiCo, Coca-Cola through their own soft drinks distribution channels to deliver energy drinks at the same time, which reduce much time and cost. Secondly, energy drinks take big actions to enter emerging market opportunities, like most Asia countries and South America. For example, alternative beverages take 31. 5% market share in Asia-Pacific in 2009 (Gamble, 2010, p. C77). Thirdly, Energy drinks, spots drinks, and vitamin-enhanced beverages try to acquire or merge with other small companies to strengthen market standing and competitiveness. For instance, PepsiCo has a multiyear distribution agreement with Rockstar to distribute Rockstar energy drinks in the United States and Canada (Gamble, 2010, p. C-83). Coca-Cola also has a multiyear distribution agreement with Hansen Natural Corporation to distribute Hansen’s Monster energy drink in some areas of the United States, Canada, and six European countries (Gamble, 2010, p.C-84). SWOT Analysis Strengths| Weaknesses| * Healthier than traditional soda. * Global brands * New product development * Strong manufacturing and distribution capabilities * Strong support of parent company| * High price * Consumer limitation| Opportunities| Threats| * Growing demand for healthy drinks * High growth developing markets * Cost reduction measures| * Traditional drinks competition which includes price and taste * Regulations and law * Health risks * Environment problem * New entrents|. To solve weaknesses and threats, alternative beverages industry companies set up business models to match the customer value and gain profit. Firstly, Energy drinks, sports drinks, and vitamin-enhanced beverages companies develop many different flavors to match different customers’ taste. Second, these companies also focus on different customers’ demands. Third, they sell products in many different locations, not only supermarkets, but also convenience stores and vending machines around every corner, which give convenient service to customers. Fourth, alternative beverage companies always try to follow the state law and regulations. Try to avoid risk ingredients. Fifth, to pretend the health risk, some companies placed warnings on their products labels. Sixth, because many people and organizations are focus on environment issues, alternative beverages’ plastic bottles and cans are really concern by these people. To solve this problem, beverage companies recycle plastic bottles and cans to keep pollution away. I also have some recommendations to alternative beverage companies to grow bigger and faster in the global market. First, try to make innovation on the local taste in different countries. Do research on people’s taste in various countries. McDonald’s is a good example in promoting global market. McDonald’s knows Indian people don’t eat beef and pork and love spicy food, so McDonald’s over there never have any product with beef or pork but with more spicy taste. Again, don’t put sensitive ingredients in the drinks. People are more curious about health and drink ingredients. Many organizations are strict with it, too. Try to produce healthier and more nutritious drinks to the market. Moreover, drinks’ function attempts to everyone, but not only for a small group of people. Nowadays, teenage boys always buy energy drinks, people who do sports, fitness, or other strenuous activities bought sports drinks; adult consumers are interested in buying vitamin-enhanced beverages (Gamble, 2010, p. C-77). What I recommend is alternative beverage companies should develop beverages suitable for most people. White collar can drink energy drinks; sports people also suitable to buy some kinds of vitamin-enhanced beverages. Additionally, don’t publicize the function too powerful. Some alternative drinks have some special effects, but not like what the advertisement said. If the company wants to operate for a long time running, it should be honest and act in good faith. Last but not least, incumbents of alternative drinks use strong brand preferences, high degrees of customer loyalty, significant cost advantages to keep new entrants out of the market. References: Gamble, John E. (2010). Competition in Energy Drinks, sports Drinks, and Vitamin-Enhanced Beverages. Crafting Executing Strategy. p. C-77. Gamble, John E. (2010). Competition in Energy Drinks, sports Drinks, and Vitamin-Enhanced Beverages. Crafting Executing Strategy. p. C-79. Gamble, John E. (2010). Competition in Energy Drinks, sports Drinks, and Vitamin-Enhanced Beverages. Crafting Executing Strategy. p. C-83. Gamble, John E. (2010). Competition in Energy Drinks, sports Drinks, and Vitamin-Enhanced Beverages. Crafting Executing Strategy. p. C-84.

Climate Change Biodiversity And Ecosystem Loss Environmental Sciences Essay

Climate Change Biodiversity And Ecosystem Loss Environmental Sciences Essay Climate change is a problem that is having a big impact in biodiversity and ecosystem loss, this is a problem that comes from decades and it is getting bigger and bigger and unstoppable, climate change is having a big impact in some parts of the ecosystem, like arctic zones, oceans, and other parts of the ecosystem, but climate change is now by the humans as Global Warming. Global Warming have a simple meaning, the climate is changing, the earth is warming up, the habitats of some species are changing this causes their extinction, the temperatures around the world are increasing causing that the glacier-melt, the oceans level increase. The climate change occurs because the increase of greenhouse gases that are Carbon Dioxide (CO2), this gases are produces by the humans and globalization, the greenhouse effect is when the energy from the sun drives the earths, In turn, the earth radiates energy back into space; Some atmospheric gases trap some of the outgoing energy, retaining heat somewhat like the glass panels of a greenhouse. The Humans are the reason why the biodiversity and the ecosystem is loss, we are the ones that produces this gases, and we are the only ones that can stop the Global Warming, this is a problem with the past of the years is getting every time bigger and its time to the humans stop this problem, a 39% of species around the world all in danger of extinction, and the ecosystem in which the animals and we (Humans), are leaving is in danger, the increase in temperatures in the last years, are melting the poles, and increasing the level of the ocean, the effect of the increase of the temperature, causes natural disaster, that affects the environment and killing many peoples, but this have many solutions. Chapter 1: Why biodiversity is important? Why is important dont lose it? Biodiversity boosts ecosystem productivity where each species, no matter how small, all have an important role to play. For example: A larger number of plant species means a greater variety of crops Greater species diversity ensures natural sustainability for all life forms Healthy ecosystems can better withstand and recover from a variety of disasters. And so, while we dominate this planet, we still need to preserve the diversity in wildlife. While there might be survival of the fittest within a given species, each species depends on the services provided by other species to ensure survival. It is a type of cooperation based on mutual survival and is often what a balanced ecosystem refers to. Chapter 2: Climate change impact on arctic an oceans biodiversity: The link between climate change and biodiversity has long been established. Although throughout Earths history the climate has always changed with ecosystems and species coming and going, rapid climate change affects ecosystems and species ability to adapt and so biodiversity loss increases. The climate change have more impact in some areas likes the arctic and the oceans. The Arctic, Antarctic and high latitudes have had the highest rates of warming, and this trend is projected to continue, as the above-mentioned Global Biodiversity Outlook 3 notes, In the Arctic, it is not just a reduction in the extent of sea ice, but its thickness and age. Less ice means less reflective surface meaning more rapid melting. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2010) Global Biodiversity Outlook 3, May 2010 The extent of floating sea ice in the Arctic Ocean, as measured at its annual minimum in September, showed a steady decline between 1980 and 2009 according to National Snow and Ice Data Center, graph compiled by Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2010) Global Biodiversity Outlook 3, May 2010. They are some species that need this sea ice like the polar bears. Other problem is the increasing of ocean acidification, Although it has gained less mainstream media attention the effects of increasing greenhouse emissions, in particular carbon dioxide, on the oceans may well be significant. Scientists are finding that on the one hand oceans have been able to absorb some of the excess CO2 released by human activity. This has helped keep the planet cooler than it otherwise could have been had these gases remained in the atmosphere. However, the additional CO2 being absorbed is also resulting in the acidification of the oceans: When CO2 reacts with water it produces a weak acid called carbonic acid, changing the sea water chemistry. As the Global Biodiversity Outlook report explains, the water is some 30% more acidic than pre-industrial times, depleting carbonate ions the building blocks for many marine organisms. In addition, concentrations of carbonate ions are now lower than at any time during the last 800,000 years. The impacts on ocean biological diversity and ecosystem functioning will likely be severe, though the precise timing and distribution of these impacts are uncertain. (See p. 58 of the report.) This change is also occurring rapidly, so some marine life may not have the chance to adapt. Some marine creatures are growing thinner shells or skeletons, for example. Some of these creatures play a crucial role in the food chain, and in ecosystem biodiversity. Chapter 3: Human impact in biodiversity. 3.1 Massive extinction. For a long time , human activities has been causing massive extinctions, A major report, released in March 2005 highlighted a substantial and largely irreversible loss in the diversity of life on Earth, with some 10-30% of the mammal, bird and amphibian species threatened with extinction, due to human actions. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), notes that many species are threatened with extinction. In addition, 75% of genetic diversity of agricultural crops has been lost 75% of the worlds fisheries are fully or over exploited Up to 70% of the worlds known species risk extinction if the global temperatures rise by more than 3.5 °C 1/3rd of reef-building corals around the world are threatened with extinction Every second a parcel of rainforest the size of a football field disappears Over 350 million people suffer from severe water scarcity Extinction risks out pace any conservation successes. Amphibians are the most at risk, while corals have had a dramatic increase in risk of extinction in recent years. 3.2 Declining ocean biodiversity: In the past century, commercial whaling has decimated numerous whale populations, many of which have struggled to recover. Commercial whaling in the past was for whale oil. With no reason to use whale oil today, commercial whaling is mainly for food, while there is also some hunting for scientific research purposes. Japan is the prime example of hunting whales for the stated aim of scientific research while a lot of skepticism says it is for food. Greenpeace and other organizations often release findings that argue Japans whaling to be excessive or primarily for food, other example is almost in japan the trap the white shark only for get his tail. 3.3 Loss of forest. A 20-year study has shown that deforestation and introduction of non-native species has led to about 12.5% of the worlds plant species to become critically rare (An example is the Amazon damage), A report from the World Commission on Forests and Sustainable Development suggests that the forests of the world have been exploited to the point of crisis and that major changes in global forest management strategies would be needed to avoid the devastation. There are somes species that haven been discover, if this problem continues, the habitat of this species would be loss and they would been extend. Brazil, which is estimated to have around 55,000 species of flora, amounting to some 22% of the worlds total and India for example, which has about 46,000 and some 81,000 animal species (amounting to some 8% of the worlds biodiversity), are also under various pressures, from corporate globalization, deforrestation, etc. So too are many other biodiverse regions, such as Indonesia, parts of Africa, and other tropical regions. Graphic 2. Comparing actual area of Brazilian portion of the Amazon deforested each year between 1990 and 2009. Source: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2010) Global Biodiversity Outlook 3, May 2010, p.33 The significant decline noted in the Brazilian Amazon is not enough to prevent the World Bank worrying about the future. The Global Biodiversity Outlook report notes that According to a recent study co-ordinated by the World Bank, 20% Amazon deforestation would be sufficient to trigger significant dieback of forest in some parts of the biome by 2025, when coupled with other pressures such as climate change and forest fires. Furthermore, some of the reversals in deforestation is because of reforestation, but the report raises the same concerns as also noted further below. Namely, Since newly-planted forests often have low biodiversity value and may only include a single tree species, a slowing of net forest loss does not necessarily imply a slowing in the loss of global forest biodiversity. Between 2000 and 2010, the global extent of primary forest (that is, substantially undisturbed) declined by more than 400,000 square km, an area larger than Zimbabwe. Conclusion The animals habitat are disappearing because human, nature give all to humans but humans never gave him back, this is why the biodiversity is disappearing, climate change is altering all the habitat, the temperature are increasing, the pollution on is increasing every day, but the reason why all of this is happening is because humans, the environment is increasing in a 100%, and the humans dont take care about the forest or the animals. This would affect the humans in a future, an example is the water, without forest, no water, and if humans dont have water, it would be a several problem, like conflicts by countries looking for water, this is why I take climate change and biodiversity loose, Because this is a problem that affects humans all the days. Sources Global Biodiversity Outlook 3, May 2010 Our choise, Al Gore, 2010 An Inconvenient Truth, Al Gore, 2006 Human Impact Triggers Massive Extinctions, ST. LOUIS, Missouri, August 2, 1999 (ENS) Jaan Suurkula, World-wide cooperation required to prevent global crisis; Part one- the problem, Physicians and Scientists for Responsible Application of Science and Technology, February 6, 2004 [Emphasis is original] Index Chapter 1: Why biodiversity is important? Why is important dont lose it?PG3 Chapter2: Climate change impact on arctic an oceans biodiversity:à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦PG3-5 Chapter3: Human impact in biodiversityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦PG5-9

Analysis of SSR Sequences in Rice

Analysis of SSR Sequences in Rice 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1. Plant Material Total of twenty one introgression lines carrying African rice genes and its parent lines were used in this study (table 1) 3.2. Methods 3.2.1. DNA extraction Genomic DNA was extracted from young leaves of the seedlings grown in fields of Huazhong Agricutural University, Wuhan, China. Method used was according to Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) method reported by Xu et al. (2011), but with some improvements. Preparation of 1.5%CTAB buffer CTAB 3.0g 1M Tris pH8.0 15.0ml 0.5M EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), pH8.0 6.0ml NaCl 12.28g dd H2O 200.0ml PVP40Mw40, 000 1.0g Tris-base buffer to make sure pH=8 Two gram of fresh or frozen leaf tissue was ground to a fine powder in liquid nitrogen with a conical hand tissue grinder by using mortar and pestle. The powder was transferred to 1.5ml Eppendorf tube content 750ÃŽ ¼L of 1.5*CTAB and 25ÃŽ ¼L ÃŽ ² –mercaptoethanol. Then incubated for 1hour in a 65 ºC water bath with an interval mixing by inverting the tubes every 15min. Add 750ÃŽ ¼L of chloroform: Isoamyl alcohol (24:1) was done in a fume hood. The samples were gentle mixed by shaking for 30min in shaker at room temperature and then spin in the microfuge at 10000rpm for 10min to precipitate the cell debris. The upper aqueous phase (supernatant) was pipette and transferred into fresh eppendorf tubes. The same volume from preceding mix was put to the liquid in fresh eppendorf and the mixed shaking for 30 min in the shaker then spin in microfuge at 10000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was pipette and transferred to fresh eppendorf tubes, and then 2/3 the volume from iso-propyl alcohol 70% was added to each sample, then the samples was put in refrigerator 1 hour. After that centrifuged for 3 min with the rotational speed of 7000 rpm in 220c. After this step DNA collected on the tube sides. The supernatant was carefully discarded from the tube, DNA pellets appeared as tiny white tear drop-shaped smears on the tube sides. The pellets were washed twice with 75% ethanol, then air dried by inverting the tubes up side down over tissue paper. To re-dissolve DNA pellets 100ÃŽ ¼L of ddH2O was added to the tubes and immediately stored at –200C 3.2.2. Quality and quantity check of DNA DNA was checked for its purity and then quantified. The genomic DNA was run on 1.0% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide and photographed under UV transilluminator using Image Lab TM software Version 4.0.1. The concentrations of the pure genomic DNA as assessed by agarose gel electrophoresis were estimated on spectrophotometer ND-2000. Based on the quantification data, all the genomic DNA samples were diluted to a final concentration of 100 ng†¢ÃŽ ¼L-1 with double-distilled water (ddH2O) and stored at -20o C for further use. 3.2.3. SSR analysis 3.2.3.1. PCR amplification and agarose gel electrophoresis A total of 50 microsatellite primer pairs were used for analyzing and identification 21 genotypes and then 22 polymorphic primers were selected to provide genetic identity and assess the genetic relationships among genotypes. PCR was performed in 20 ÃŽ ¼L reactions by using Thermal cycler touchdown as described by Don, et al. (1991), with some modifications. PCR mixture component The Touchdown-PCR program: PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresis using 2.0% agarose gel in 1x Tris Acetic cid EDTA (TAE), stained with ethidium bromide solution. then gel was visualized and photographed under UV light using Image Lab TM software Version 4.0.1. The SSR markers with high polymorphism were further used in SSR fingerprinting analysis 3.2.3.2. 6% denature polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been used an unique analytical tool for many studies related to the identification of cultivars, species and F1 hybrids 3.2.3.2.1. Materials A. preparation of 6% PAGE for SSR analysis B. preparation of 10*TBE (Tris-borate EDTA) buffer Dissolved in 800 ml double distilled water, filtered through 0.22  µm filter paper, made up to 1000 ml. C. preparation of 40% Acrylamide d. Silver staining Preparation of silver solution 2.5g AgNO3 (Silver nitrate) 2000 ml Distilled water Then shaking well Preparation of developer solution 28g NaOH (Sodium hydroxide) 10ml HCHO (Formaldehyde) 2000 ml Distilled water 3.2.3.2.2. Method The large and short spacer glass plates, combs, and other pertinent materials were cleaned with water and completely dry. The inside of both plates were cleaned with 95% ethanol to facilitate drying. 650ÃŽ ¼L of Repel-silane was applied to long plate and spread evenly using tissue paper. 800ÃŽ ¼L of glide-acrylamide (200ÃŽ ¼L qin he gui wan + 10 ml 75% alcohol then agitate) was applied to short plate and distributed evenly using tissue paper and leaved to dry for a short time. Glass plates and sealers using clamps were assembled according to manufacturer’s instructions. 60ml of 6%PAGE, 40ÃŽ ¼L of TEMED (Tetra-methyl-ethylene-diamine), and 400ÃŽ ¼L of 10% ammonium persulfate (APS), previously stored at 40C were mixed into beaker. The gel was leaved to polymerize for about 1hr. After 1hr polymerization it was assembled in an electrophoresis unit. After cleaning the wall with 1X TBE buffer, the gel was pre-run at constant 1500w for 30 min to clean the gel and pre heat the buffer to about 60-650. 20ÃŽ ¼Lof PCR amplified product was mixed with 5ÃŽ ¼L of the loading buffer and added 5ÃŽ ¼L in each well. The electrophoresis unit was resumed and allowed to proceed at 1200w constant until loading buffer covered more than 3/4 of the distance. Finally the unit was disassembled and the gel was subjected to silver staining. Silver staining Gel was soaked for 20-30 min in staining solution with gentle shaking followed by washing in water for 3 sec. For developing color, gel was soaked in developer solution with gentle shaking until band appeared. The gel was rinsed in water for several minutes. Then the gel was air dried and visualized under normal light. 3.2.3.3. Data analysis 3.2.3.3.1. Analysis of polymorphism Unambiguous polymorphic bands were scored visually for the presence or absence of corresponding bands among the tested accessions. Stutter and background bands were excluded. Those SSR markers displaying no polymorphisms, non-specific banding patterns or without PCR products were discarded. Molecular data were prepared by scoring the SSR markers amplification profile as present or absent for each marker to generate a binary matrix. 4. RESUTS The study was designed to provide genetic identity for introgression lines carrying African rice genes by using molecular markers. Twenty one rice genotypes were used in this study (Table 1). A total of twenty two pairs of SSR primers distributed in 9 rice chromosomes were selected to analyze the twenty one genotypes. The sequence and the details of selected primers showed in table 2 4.1. Analysis of polymorphism SSR-PCR reaction system was optimized with 3% agarose gel electrophoresis and SSR markers were analysed with 6% denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Polymorphism was analysed with composited 22 pairs of SSR primers and optimized SSR-PCR system to determine the appropriate SSR markers applied in fingerprint mapping. Banding patterns generated by primer pairs RM310, RM213, RM202, and RM80 in 21 genotypes are shown in Fig 1.and Fig 3., while RM337 are shown in Fig 2. A total of 91 alleles were detected across 21 rice genotypes using 22 SSR markers. The maximum number of polymorphic alleles was 6, while the minimum number of polymorphic bands (2 alleles) was amplified with the markers RM 85, RM240. The average number of polymorphic alleles per marker was 4.1. Molecular data were ready for recording the SSR markers amplification profile as current (1) or absent (0) for each marker to create a binary matrix. The binary matrix data were analyzed through the use of the Similarity for Qualitative Data (SIMQUAL) module to generate Dice similarity coefficients [Dice LR. 1945]. The similarity coefficients were used to construct dendrograms using the Unweighted Pair Group Methods with Arithmetic means (UPGMA). 4.2. Cluster analysis The SSR markers were able to distinguish between different rice genotypes. The high degree of polymorphism of microsatellite markers allows rapid and efficient identification of rice genotypes. These markers classified the rice genotypes into eight clusters. (Fig4.) According to the results of pylogenetic tree twenty one genotypes were divided into eight groups according to the standard genetic similarity o.73. The lowest diversity was found between ILA65 and ILA78 (similarity level 98%) that strengthen the supposition of close relationship between them. While the highest diversity was found between J23B and other genotypes used in this study at similarity level 35%. These obtained results could be due to the number of SSR markers used in the study or the bias of genetic similarity estimation conducted by the UPGMA-based method. 4.3. Principal component analysis A principal component was performed using 22 SSR markers. The Values of the Eigen values and their contribution to variation are presented in Table 3. The score plot of 21 genotypes based on the first two principal components is presented in Fig 5. 4.4. Genetic similarity among Rice genotypes The Dic similarity was computed according to the obtained data from the polymorphic primers. The similarity index value obtained for each pair wise comparison among the 21 genotypes and presented in Table 4. The similarity coefficients ranged from 23.08% to 97.8% among tested genotypes. ILA 65 and ILA78 were the most similar among all the genotypes with a coefficient of 0.9780. The least similar genotypes were J23B and ILA19, ILA123 with a coefficient of 0.2308. 4.5. The fingerprints for identification The results showed the molecular identification of 21 Rice genotypes using 22 SSR polymorphic sequences. The thirteen Pair of these SSR primers were selected from the polymorphic primers which can amplify clear bands and have more alleles to identity nineteen introgression lines carrying African rice genes and three varieties. Table 5 The microsatellite assay generated cultivar-specific alleles in some of the genotypes screened; these used as DNA fingerprints for genotypes identification. This will be the assistance for the establishment and defense of proprietary rights and the determination of cultivar purity. The core SSR used to generate the fingerprint code of each used germplasm Table 6. 5. DISCUSSIONS In our study, microsatellite markers were used for investigating genetic diversity of 21 rice genotypes under study (Table 1). To this end, 22 primer pairs of microsatellite were used which had relatively high polymorphism in available literatures (Table 2). According to the previous results primer pairs will be referred to as loci and DNA bands as alleles (Sefc et al., 2000). The number of alleles obtained by microsatellite markers varied from 2 to 6 with an average of 4.1 alleles per locus. However, the average numbers of alleles detected in present study were significantly higher than this reported by JOSH et al. (2006) in non-Basmati aromatic rice genotypes of India which equals 2.6. The disparity among reports might be due to genotype number, SSR loci distribution, concerned sets of germplasm and gel electrophoresis method adopted in various studies. Higher number of alleles was found when a large number of landraces from a wide range of geographical origins were included in the study (Brondani et al., 2006). The cluster analysis, using unweighted pair group method of arithmetic means (UPGMA) was constructed for measuring genetic diversity and relatedness among the genotypes (Fig. 3). 5.1 cluster analysis based on SSR markers The similarity matrix was computed using SSR markers based on Dic’s coefficient following the UPGMA method using SHAN programme of NTSYS-pc. The Dic’s similarity coefficient for the SSR data set varied from 0.2308 to 0.9780. According to the results of phylogenetic treeà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ Figure1) Twenty one introgression lines and cultivars were divided into eight groups according to the standard genetic similarity which is 0.73. The first group ILA17, ILA13, STB, STA/F The second group ILA11 The third group ILA145, ILA21 The fourth group ILA12, ILA166, ILA1 The fifth group ILA147, ILB19, ILA172, ILA65, ILA78, ILA30, ILA29, ILA60 The sixth group ILA19 The seventh group ILA123 The eighth group J23B In group fifth we can distinguish two sub groups: sub group V-1 having ILA147, ILB19 and sub group V-2 having ILA172, ILA65, ILA78, ILA30, ILA29, and ILA60 but they were closely related groups. And five groups according to the standard genetic similarity which is 0.67. ILA17, ILA13, STB, STA/F ILA11, ILA145, ILA21, ILA12, ILA166, ILA1 ILA147, ILB19, ILA172, ILA65, ILA78, ILA30, ILA29, ILA60 ILA19, ILA123 J23B Rice genotypes clustered into eight well defined groups in accordance with their pedigree, probably due to the origin genetic of these materials, because most genotypes obtained from other genotypes and had similar pedigree. The studied Rice genotypes were showed existence of genetic diversity among 21 rice genotypes. The SSR markers played an important role in studying the germplasm diversity in rice (Yu et al., 2005). The results indicated that SSR analysis could be a better method to study the genetic diversity in rice. The highest genetic distance was found between ILA17 and J23B, where they held the first and last position of the dendrogram. On the other hand, the lowest genetic distance was found between ILA65 and ILA78 in the same group. This result consistent with the pedigree of these two ILs which shared a high proportion of ancestry (Table 1) SSR markers efficiently separated the rice genotypes into groups consistent with their origin and pedigree. Gerdes and Tracy (1994) explained that pedigree relationship can be used as an indicator to test the effectiveness of markers in determining relationships among breeding lines. Our results showed that the SSR markers were able to detect the extent of genetic diversity among rice genotypes used in this study. 5.2 Principal component analysis The principal component analysis study was also done using the subroutine EIGEN. The PCA results showed that the PC1 contributed 65.1389% followed by PC2 7.8560% and cumulative variance of first two PCA was 72.9948%. The results were close similarity of the results obtained based on unweighted pair group method with Arithmetic average (UPGMA) 5.3 similarity index A similarity matrix according to the proportion of shared SSR fragments was used to establish the level of relatedness between the tested genotypes. Pair-wise estimates of similarity ranged from 0.2308 to 0.9780 and the average similarity among all genotypes was 0.6807 (table 3.). Two genotypes ILA65 and ILA78 were the closest related genotypes with the highest similarity index of 97.8%. This was followed by 94.51% similarity between two pairs of genotypes ILA166 and ILA1. The lowest similarity (23.08%) was observed between genotypes ILA19 and J23B, ILA123 and J23B. As expected, J23B had the greatest dissimilarity with all the other tested genotypes. The similarity coefficients of J23B with all the other genotypes ranged from 0.2308 to 0.4396. It could be concluded that Simple Sequence Repeat markers could identify the different rice genotypes, and some of rice genotypes under investigation have probably originated from closely related ancestors and possess high degree of genetic sim ilarity. 5.4 DNA fingerprinting analysis Finally the thirteen pairs of SSR primers were selected from the polymorphic primers as the core set of SSRs (Table4) which could detect varying numbers of polymorphic bands. Their amplified bands were clear, legible, easy to count, and distinguishable from one another. These markers were distributed among 8 rice chromosomes. The microsatellites exhibited several bands that were shared among the check genotypes. Eight accessions (ILA123, ILA19, ILA21, ILA12, ILA145, ILA11, STA/F, STB) displayed unique bands in comparison with all other genotypes with different microsatellite markers. SSR markers analysis will help the identification and differentiation of introgression lines. The information will enable construct a DNA fingerprinting database of tested rice genotypes (Table 6). Construct a unique DNA fingerprints of the tested genotypes can distinguish each of the tested materials and provide basic guidelines for its conservation. CONCLUSION Through the present study, a total of 18 introgression lines carrying African rice genes and three Varieties were identified with specific SSR primer. DNA-based SSR markers revealed high genetic diversity among the genotypes and were able to differentiate them successfully. The similarity index values ranged from 0.2308 to 0.9780 Highest similarity (0.9780 ) observed between ILA65 and ILA78, whereas lowest similarity (0.2308) obtained between ILA19 and J23B, ILA123 and J23B. Thus, it can be inferred that more diversity was detected using SSR markers as it is evident from its similarity value. Results showed the high polymorphism and abundance of SSR sequences in rice. Total of 13 primers were selected to generate fingerprint of 21 genotypes Amany Kamel Elhabbak

My Personal Philosophy of Education Essay -- Philosophy of Education T

My Personal Philosophy of Education Ever since I was a little girl, I knew that in my future I wanted to become a teacher. I always looked up to my teachers, especially the ones I had in elementary school. I even played 'school' with my friends and pretended I had my own classroom. I loved being in charge. During a summer, I was given the opportunity to work as an Energy Express mentor and work with a group of eight children. This was one of the most wonderful experiences I have ever been through. I was a mentor to help guide the children, and by the end of the summer I felt as if I had really accomplished something. I am planning to pursue a career in elementary education. I love children, and just knowing that as a teacher I could make a difference in someone's life means so much to me. Every student is different. Different in how fast or slow they perceive information, comprehend and interpret concepts, and develop problem-solving skills. I agree with Rousseau?s belief that a child will not learn until they are ready. As a teacher, I will work with each student based on their needs and try to present information in a way that is effective to them all. It is important to understand that the approach a teacher uses with one student may be different from another. I believe that every student deserves individual attention as long as it is suitable. I believe that the nature of knowledge is relative; it depends on the person, place, and time. All students come from different backgrounds and are brought up differently, so sometimes it can be difficult to follow a set curriculum in the classroom. The teacher has to be aware of the needs and knowledge of her classroom, yet she cannot lose... ...ught good writing skills. Writing is an important form of communication, especially when there is a lack of verbal communication. These subjects are areas of knowledge important for all students. They prepare you for future education and life situations. After graduation, I plan to extend my education and pursue a master?s degree. I want to teach in West Virginia or a surrounding state where I will become a successful teacher. Many people do not understand how important a teacher is to a person?s life. They have to give extra time and dedication to their job. I have learned a lot of what I know today from my past teachers, and I hope that my future students will say the same about me. I love children, and this is why I think I?ll make a great teacher. I hope that one day I will have the same impact on my students that my past teachers have had on me.

Choosing Sides in Their Eyes Were Watching God and Lone Star Essay

Choosing Sides in Their Eyes Were Watching God and Lone Star A major theme in multicultural literature is the search for identity by those of more than one culture. In most cases, one of these cultures is recognized as being more advantaged and powerful than the other. In John Sayles's Lone Star and Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God, bicultural characters negatively stereotype members of their own "inferior" or "less advantaged" background in order to identify themselves with their more powerful culture. The artists ultimately illustrate, however, that choosing sides is an unnatural option and that mixed heritages can have their own advantages. People of more than one culture often have trouble fitting into either; as Pat Mora suggests in her poem "Sonrisas," they "live in a doorway / between two rooms"[Mora]. For example, in Lone Star, Mercedes, who was born in Mexico but resides in Texas, lives up to Mora's description of a "legal alien"--someone who is seen as "an American to Mexicans / A Mexican to Americans"[Mora]. Sheriff Buddy's refusal to publicly acknowledge or inform his son of his affair with Mercedes shows that she does not totally belong to American culture. Mercedes also has trouble fitting in with the Mexican community. Her employees' lack of respect for her indicates her alienation. In Their Eyes Were Watching God, Mrs. Turner, who is also of mixed heritage, fits in with neither African-Americans nor whites. She laments that although she has "white folks' features in [her] face...[she is still] lumped in wid all de rest [of the African-Americans]"[Hurston, p.211] by Whites, with whom she tries to be identified. On the other hand, she is also not "usete... ...ation if they learn to incorporate both cultures into their personalities. Like Dorothy's ruby slippers in The Wizard of Oz, Mercedes's restaurant serves as an example of a perfect solution that was always right in front of her face. The restaurant, which employs an American work ethic but serves Mexican food, becomes a metaphor of her newfound cultural harmony. Sayles suggests that she will have better relationships with her daughter and grandson as a reward for her recently expanded perceptions. Mrs. Turner, on the other hand, never consciously accepts her situation and therefore receives no such reward. On the contrary, she is ostracized by both white and African-American communities. The contrast between Mercedes's dynamism and Mrs. Turner's stasis in this respect proves Otis Payne's assertion in Lone Star that "blood is what you make of it."

Personal Communication: Texting and Driving Essay

More than 1 trillion text messages were sent worldwide last year. Texting while driving has become more common in today’s society than it has ever been. As a community, we have been bombarded with new technologies, such as iPhone’s, cell phones, tablets, etc. According to the National Safety Council it is estimated that 11 teen deaths happen per day, at least 1. 6 million car accidents, 6,000 deaths and half a million injuries occur each year all in result of texting while driving. Texting and driving should be completely banned and made illegal because it is distracting, harmful and deadly in most situations. As the years progress the constant expansion of technology has facilitated society to move forward. These constant growths have allowed us to communicate faster and more efficiently. Walking can often be tedious and time consuming; driving has allowed us to reach our destination a lot faster. Texting became a more efficient way of communication because in comparison to phone calls it speeds up the communication process. People who use cell phones on a daily basis attempt to combine texting and driving to make their communication with work, friends and family even faster put themselves in harmful situations. Texting and driving is a very contentious issue in today’s society. It is not out of the ordinary to see someone while driving glancing down at his or her cell phone, which in conclusion causes the driver to not have full attention on the road at all. When first taught to drive you learn to keep your hands on the wheel and eyes on the road. These simple rules are being disobeyed on a daily basis. According to the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) distracted driving is a growing public safety hazard. Specifically, the dramatic rise in texting volumes since 2005 appeared to be contributing to an alarming rise in distracted driving fatalities (Fernando 1). In 2011 alone statistics showed that over 6,000 deaths and over a half a million injuries occurred solely due to distracted driving. Studies have shown that approximately 1 in 6 fatal vehicle collisions resulted from a driver being distracted while driving (Fernando 1). These types of tragedies should not just become overlooked; people should be severely punished for texting and driving or doing any type of distracted driving at all. When someone takes on the act of distracted driving they are not only putting their own lives in danger, they are also putting the life of a completely innocent stranger in a large amount of danger as well. When driving it is not hard to lose focus of what is happening on the road in front of you. Someone who is texting while driving takes his or her eyes off the road for at least five seconds. Driving for five seconds is enough time to cover over 100 yards. Just imagine the remarkable destruction that could be done driving across that amount of road with unopened eyes. That is the danger that you put yourself in by just sending one text message. It should be illegal for people to take on the act of any type of distracted driving. For someone to respond to a message their eyes have to be looking down at their phone, completely off the road. When texting and driving you are missing one of the main components that it takes to drive and that is vision. Without vision, it is impossible to have a safe ride. Texting while driving will take that completely away. No matter how good of a driver you claim to be, without vision anything could happen at any given time. No matter how quick you think you are at texting, there is always that slim chance that when you look down you could be the number one cause of a serious car accident and cause not only cause harm to yourself but you could also cause serious harm to others as well. Eyes are key factor when it comes to driving a motor vehicle and when they are not on the road that can cause many dangerous and harmful situations to become created. Even if you think you can send a text message without looking at your phone, do not even try it because it is not safe what so ever. Focus is also a main component in driving as well. When on the road the driver needs to be fully aware of his or her surroundings, they need to be able to see the road and hear what is going on around them. Anything could happen at any point in time and having complete focus is crucial. When a text message is being written the drivers attention is solely focused on what message is being relayed in that text, not on what is happening on the road in front of them. Without complete focus, it is impossible to have a safe ride. Being a teenager, I come face to face with the urge to text and drive on a daily basis. Focusing on the road alone is already hard enough as it is, I could not even imagine the immense distraction that using my phone while driving would cause. No status update or text message is worth my life or one of the passengers in my cars life so I completely refrain from doing it. Texting while driving has always made me feel uncomfortable when being a passenger in someone’s car. No matter what anyone says, the distraction that has been brought forth by using any type of electronic device while in control of a motor vehicle is tremendous. Texting and driving is not the only type of distracted driving that is prevalent in today’s fast growing society. Another leading cause of accidents and dangerous driving extends far beyond texting. Accessing the internet while on a cell phone while driving increased from 29% in 2009 to 43% in 2011 (Professional Safety). Using the internet while in control of a vehicle can be far more distracting and complex then just sending a text message. Reading social media networks while driving increased from 21% in 2009 to 37% in 2011. Updating social networks such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram increased from 20% in 2009 to 33% in 2011 (Professional Safety). These â€Å"simple tasks† becomes a lot more risky when put in the mix of operating a motor vehicle. On January 12th 2012 Taylor Sauer’s made a fatal mistake. While making a four-hour drive from her college Utah State University she was messaging a friend on Facebook very frequently discussing the Denver Broncos Football Team. Moments later, Sauer going more than 80 mph crashed into a tanker truck. She was killed instantly, investigators saw no signs that she applied brakes before the fatal crash occurred. After checking her cell phone records it was clear to authority that she was posting on the web every 90 seconds during her drive. The parents of Taylor are still grieving over their 18-year old daughter’s death and urge state legislators to pass a ban on texting and driving in Idaho (Inbar). Just several days ago, the city of Beaufort banned texting and driving and distracted driving in general. The city claimed that studies have shown that minors utilizing a cell phone while operating a motor vehicle pose a special danger to other vehicles, bicycles and pedestrians on the roadway and whereas, City Council finds that it is in the best interest of the citizens and residents of Beaufort to prohibit the use of cell phones by minors operating a motor vehicle in the city. The order also prohibits the use of a cell phone by anyone under the age of 18 while driving. If caught the operator of the vehicle will be fined between $50 and $150 dollars (Hawkins). Hopefully this will cause a significant cut in the distracted driving that takes place in our home town and make our road ways a safer place for us to travel. Distracted driving is a very serious crime and should not be disregarded. An 18 year old boy by the name of Aaron Deveau, was just recently found guilty of motor vehicle homicide by texting. Aaron was the first resident of Massachusetts to be convicted of these chargers. ABC News claimed that on February 20th 2011 while Deveau was in the process of sending a text message his truck swerved across the center line of Haverhill, Massachusetts and crashed head on into Daniel Bowley. This crash caused the death of Bowley who was a 55 year old resident of New Hampshire and the father of three children. On June 6, 2012 Deveau was sentenced to a year in prison and also the loss of his license for 15 years for causing a fatal crash by distracted driving (Davis 1). Unless a complete emergency has been brought upon you, there is not excuse for using an electronic device while operating a motor vehicle. This habit is completely un-acceptable and needs to be brought to an end. Distracted driving causes serious accidents, major injuries and deaths. No text is worth your, or somebody else’s life no matter what. Death and injuries are devastating and can cause immense pain to your friends and family. So next time before you go to send that text while driving just think to yourself, is it worth it?

Analysis of Editorial and Advertising Content for Glamour Magazine

{draw:rect} UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER *FACULTY OF *BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT {draw:custom-shape} COURSEWORK SUBMISSION SHEET This sheet must be completed in full and attached to the front of each item of assessment Before submission to the School Office. Student Name: Maria Lynch Registration No: B00351233 Programme Title: CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR Module Code/Title: BMG378 Lecturer: Donald Mc Fetridge Date Due: April 16th 2010 (NB: Latest hand-in time is on the due date unless otherwise advised) Submitted work is subject to the following assessment policies: 1 Coursework must be submitted by dates as specified by the Subject committee. Students may seek prior consent from the [Course/Subject] Director to submit coursework after the official deadline; such requests must be accompanied by a satisfactory explanation and in the case of illness by a medical certificate. 3 Coursework submitted without consent after the deadline will not normally be accepted and will therefore receive a mark of zero. CO NTENTS Introduction 3 Analysis of advertising content 3 Analysis of editorial content 4 Magazines target market 5 Marketing and promotional content 6 Product strategy 7 The importance of consumer behaviour 7-8 Future trends 8-9 Conclusion 10 Bibliography 11 Appendix 12 Introduction I have been asked by my lecturer to analyse the editorial and advertising content of a lifestyle magazine of my choice. The magazine that I have chosen is Glamour; the reason that I chose this magazine, is because it is Britain’s number one women’s magazine and has been in circulation for over seventy years. Glamour is a prestigious fashion magazine first printed in 1939 by Conde Nast Publishing who are responsible for numerous fashions and lifestyle magazines including Vogue, Men’s Vogue, Allure, GQ and many more. Topics addressed by the magazine include: Love, Fashion, Sex, Beauty, Health and lifestyle and Celebrity gossip. Glamour is recognised as a world class fashion magazine and it is now published in the US, UK and numerous countries across Europe. Analysis of advertising content The advertising director for Glamour is Grace Dawson, and the fashion Assistant is Kerryn Grady, the products advertised are all premium brands like Dior, Yves Saint Laurent, DKNY, D&G and many more. The number of pages used in the magazine to advertise products greatly exceeds the number of pages with editorial content. The front cover of the magazine is dominated by Danni Minogue, a highly influencing style icon for more than two decades and the main topics addressed in the March 2010 issue. The magazine is printed on high quality glossy paper sending out a message of being luxurious, some of the advertising companies have attached samples of the products they are advertising and there is also a free gift offer from Benefit make up with every subscription to the magazine. The back cover is a celebrity endorsed by Charlie Theron for J’adore Dior perfume, a high cost to any marketing department, and on the inside of the back page is Cheryl Cole endorsing L’Oreal Hair products, inside of the front cover is a double spread advertising Lancome. These are the most expensive advertising spaces that a company can buy in a magazine as they are the first and last pages the reader looks at making them more memorable. There are a number of advertisements for men’s products such as aftershaves throughout, which are more likely a tactic by marketers to target women to buy these products as gifts as it is solely directed towards a male reader. There is a strong presence of sex in the advertising content; many of the images are provocative images to advertise the clothing ranges mostly, images that would not have been acceptable to print in the editions in the early 1940’s, people of today are becoming desensitised towards these images as they are more familiar with them. {draw:custom-shape} {draw:frame} Analysis of editorial content The editorial content starts on page 74, all pages before this are mainly advertisements and some acknowledgements and details of all editors, directors and managers. The editorial content starts with the topic of sex, which is then followed by a conservative political view and an exclusive interview with David Cameron although there is not much depth to the editorial content the writer takes a more light hearted approach researching Cameron’s personal life, his appearance and daily regime than into political views and issues surrounding the conservative party. The front cover has all the main issues addressed in the magazine in a bold red and black font with the largest most important being â€Å"723+ styles fixes†. Inside about quarter of the way in is a page devoted to readers letters and how much they have appreciated articles from previous issues and how they have helped the reader in their personal situations, with the winning letter receiving a camera to the value of ? 150. {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:custom-shape} {draw:frame} Magazines target market Glamour magazine is marketed towards career orientated heterosexual women, who are fashion conscious with targeted reader age of between 19 and 50. The socio economic class of the women that read this magazine would be typically either lower middle class or middle class, professional or junior management, educated and possibly with a political interests and a high level of disposable income as the goods advertised are designer brands such as D &G, Calvin Klein and premium brand make up like Lancome and Dior. In the 70’s VALS Value and lifestyle segmentation was developed for commercial purposes in California in an attempt by SRI International to have a better understanding of consumer lifestyle. Created to identify and group people accordingly so that they could predict consumer values and motivations to that they could target to the correct customers and make marketing attempts more efficient. Table 9. 4 page 400 Consumer Behaviour, Ray Wright By using the VALS table I would group the target reader of Glamour as achievers. Marketing and promotional content Glamour magazine has been available to buy as a paper copy since 1939 and in more recent years has become available digitally. The cost of buying a paper copy of Glamour is a fixed price of ? weekly, and is available in any large supermarket or book store, once a paper copy has been bought the reader can use the promotional certificate inside to get six copies at half price and get a free gift also. By accessing the Glamour website customers can avail of accounts based marketing, Glamour allow their readers to subscribe online which offers them business to customer savings and free gifts with their subscription, the proce ss is simple, the reader only has to click on the subscription link and follow the direct debit instructions. Glamour is Britain’s No. women’s magazine, with circulatory figures for Glamour year ending 2009 were 515,281 according to Audit Bureau of Circulation Glamour’s promotional presence online is that on all the Conde Nast Publications, there is a footer throughout the websites which gives the user links to all Conde Nast publications and all of their brands, for example the footer is placed on all Conde Nast websites making Glamour Magazine accessible from other websites such as Vogue and GQ. The footer also offers the reader the option of contacting the magazine in numerous languages including Polish, Spanish, French and German. Product strategy It is crucial that all elements of the product strategy complement each other, by ensuring the right mix of product, pricing strategy, promotion and place, will determine the success of the good/service. Identifying the need for the product is the basis, the pricing strategy must be realistic and meet the needs of the target market, Glamour has a set weekly price of ? 2 for their magazine, and the average cost of a magazine is between 50p and ? 4 making Glamour priced at middle of the range. The promotional element of Glamour’s magazine is done with the use of A list celebrities on the front cover, fashion icons and idols, selling provocative images and the colours that make the magazine stand out amongst others, alongside the online promotion that Conde Nast Publications offer to all their brands using the medium of each brands individual website. The product must be placed where the targeted consumer will be able to access it easily; Glamour is sold through Newsagents, book stores, supermarkets and through pre paid subscriptions. The importance of consumer behaviour It is important that a company understands consumer behaviour, it could be the difference between the success or failure of a marketing strategy, if the wrong customers are targeted the efforts will be ineffective and a waste of resources. By appreciating the importance of consumer behaviour marketers will be able to predict better the trends of the consumers and change their products or services to meet the ever changing customer wants and demands. One way of understanding better consumer behaviour is using loyalty cards to track what the consumer is buying and when they buy. Consumer behaviour theories are crucially important to companies as they help understand Psychology of consumers like Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs of individuals helps outline the basics of psychological need, which therefore helps to market products better and adapt marketing campaigns appropriately. Issues that may influence consumer behaviour may include ethical, or social changes, like the discovery of child labour issues or fur versus fake fur, are consumers as willing to buy if they know issues such as this. According to Dragon International (1991), and the Cone and Roper study (Simon, 1995) consumers are interested in ethical behaviour beyond those issues that directly impact on them, and would be more discriminating in their purchases if they were given more information about ethically and socially responsible activities. Future trends Future trends that I would predict for the magazine industry is that the decline in circulatory figures will continue, with the presence of the internet becoming stronger and the people trying to become more environmentally friendly. According to ONS, 70% of homes in the UK now have internet access which is a rise of 28% since 2006. I predict that many of Glamour’s readers will switch from their hard copy and move onto reading their favourite articles online, whilst on the go from mobile devices, although I don’t believe that the digital copy will be the only copy available, hard copies may become fewer and more expensive, as some readers will still enjoy the smell and touch of a paper magazine. Internet Access 0% of households had access in 2009 Office of national statistics {draw:frame} Conclusion In conclusion, having analysed Glamour magazine I have found that the reader is being targeted with an enormous amount of advertising content, over half the magazine is adverts for premium products which appear in all Glamour issues only changing moderately, eventually leaving these advertisements unnoticeable. Throughout the magazine there is very little editorial content of which has very little conten t or depth, the reader is mostly purchasing advertisements. This magazine already has a strong online presence of which I believe will only get stronger following their downturn in psychical sales. Bibliography Books Foxall, Gordon R. Consumer psychology for marketing / Gordon Foxall, Ronald Goldsmith, Stephen. – 2nd ed . . . . – London : International Thomson Business Press, 1998 . Wright, Ray, 1942- Consumer behaviour / Ray Wright. – London : Thomson Learning, 2006 Antonides, Gerrit, 1951- Consumer behaviour: a European perspective / Gerrit Antonides and W. Fred v. Chichester : Wiley, 1998 Electronic resources http://www. glamourmagazine. co. uk/default. aspx? gclid=cjxurovo3qacfsu8laodm0r9fg: accessed via www. glamour. com accessed 29/03/2010 https://www. magazineboutique. co. uk/secureonline/quicksubs_tpl. asp? m=469&src=2214 accessed via www. glamour. com 29/03/2010 http://www. condenast. co. uk/ accessed via www. glamour. com accessed 05/04/2010 http://www. abc. org. uk/SearchResults. aspx? SearchInput=glamour&Where ToSearch=Data accessed via: http://www. abc. org. k/ : accessed 05/04/2010 http://loft965. files. wordpress. com/2010/02/430danniiglamourcover. jpg accessed via www. google. com 05/04/2010 http://media. onsugar. com/files/2010/02/07/1/485/4852708/61f6142ea24cbac7_Dannii_Minogue. jpg accessed via www. google. com accessed 05/04/2010 http://www. gq-magazine. co. uk/ accessed via www. glamour. com accessed 11th/April/2010 http://www. vogue. co. uk/ accessed via www. glamour. comaccessed 11th/April/2010 http://www. statistics. gov. uk/cci/nugget. asp? ID=8 accessed via

Scarce Source

The nursing shortage is an issue that has an increase concern in the health care system today and that has been a threat to the quality of care and safety of the patients. â€Å"The shortage of nurses is not necessarily a shortage of individuals with nursing qualifications; it is a shortage of nurses willing to work in the present condition† (Buchan & Aiken, 2008, p. 3262). The changes in the government policies in the creation of the new measurements and compensation methods for better quality of care has increased a more critical working condition for the nursing profession. The United States will have a decline in the quality of health care and be jeopardizing the safety of the patients instead of having some positive outcomes. Nursing Shortage Influencing Factors There are five influencing factors that many of the researches have concluded: increase in the number of retiring nurses, noncompetitive salaries, nurse’s workload and role expectations, and increase opportunities outside the profession or going into administrative positions or other faculty positions. The decrease in the young people entering the nursing profession has increased the nursing shortage because is leaving the older nurses to come to their retiring year. The younger populations is also looking for a more stable profession and are going to other professions as a security blanket for their economic stability. Nurses are also faced with the dissatisfaction of having noncompetitive salaries in their nursing profession and are forced to look for a more stable opportunity outside the profession to meet their needs. Challenges and Consequences of not addressing the issue The nursing shortage must be addressed to find ways of overcoming the challenges and consequences of the issue to decrease the effects of having a negative impact on the health care system. To overcome the challenges and consequences one must look at the demand factors and supply factor in the specific countries or regions to deal with the nursing shortage. Some of the demand factors may be: â€Å"demographic and epidemiological trends, service use patterns and macroeconomic condition† (Buchan & Aiken, 2008, p. 264). Some of the supply factors might be: â€Å"improving recruitment, retention and return-getting, keeping and keeping in touch with these relatively scarce nurses† (Buchan & Aiken, 2008, p. 3266). The consequences of not addressing the issue of the nursing shortage will lead to an increase in the shortage, and poor health care outcomes, including a decrease in the quality of care, medical errors, patient injury, and increase in the infection and wound rates. Solution or Innovation The policy makers need to come up with a motive or a solution that will bring the younger population to enter the nursing profession and be able to retain that population in the profession for a long time. The solution of the issue for the nursing shortage is not easy, but by increasing different types of motives and recruiting methods definitely will decrease some of the nursing shortage. Policy makers should look at â€Å"intervening with educational vouchers and incentive for nurses† (Abrahamson, PhD, RN & Fox, PhD, 2009, p. 241). The method for increasing grants or educational loan forgiveness program will increase the incentive for the younger population to feel some kind of security in the nursing profession. Incentives for some of the younger nurses will include bonuses when hired, or an increase in the salary in competitive salaries, and a decrease in the workload in the profession. The government already has some of these solutions in progress, but a package of the incentives is a good idea to encourage the younger population to enter the nursing profession. Economic Investment The government is already investing in the nursing profession by the different programs starting to take place for the nursing profession, and increase the entry of the younger population into the nursing profession. By increasing the positive outcomes in the health care system the quality of care and safety of the patient will increase, and decreasing the possibility of mortality rates, infection or wound rates, medication errors or even patient injuries. For example one program is the Nursing Loan Repayment Program, which includes repaying the students loans if in agreement to practice at least two years in a health care organization. Public Efforts The older population should join in an effort to decrease in the nursing shortage by educating the young population, reinforcing the need for a better quality of care and the safety of the patient and also the importance of decreasing the nursing shortage in the health care system. The leaders of the health care system need to join and be able to develop some form of communication to promote the nursing profession, and in exchange be able to have a better health care system. Conclusion The shortage will continue to get worse if the working conditions do not improve, and the measurements for compensation do not improve in the health care system. The nursing shortage will have a positive outcome once there a good amount of adequate staffing to decrease the number of influencing factors that increase the nursing shortage. â€Å"Nurses are the main professional component of the front line staff in most health systems, and their contribution is recognized as essential to meeting developmental goals and delivering safe and effective care† (Buchan & Aiken, 2008, p. 3263).

Continuities and Changes in South Asia Essay

In 1450, India was a divided land. Lack of central unified power had caused the frequent invasions from foreign armies or groups such as that of the Muslims, which slowly occupied and ruled the region, the Portuguese, Aryas, and Turkish armies. Yet the impact that the Europeans had settled in this divided subcontinent is diverse and had changed India immensely with their distinct ideas and culture. Impact of British rule had been widespread through the country and had not only affected their political and culture, but also the religious, social, and economic state of India forevermore. India developed into a divided land, due to political and geographic separation, and consisted of small kingdoms that’d drive away various invaders. The small Muslim population controlled most of the political power whose rulers imposed a tax against all non-Muslims affecting almost the entire population. India at this time only holds a small portion of the oceanic trade, but with the Muslims in the north, items were traded from the Middle East and its nearby regions. However, by the 1500’s, the Indian Ocean trade grew and linked India to Southeast Asia, Africa, and even to the European nations. Europeans, especially the Portuguese, were in need for rare materials and in search of trade in the early 16th century. Ports were deployed by Europeans, African natives, and India in order for goods and other cultural advancements to be introduced. Europeans slowly began to administer and control the trade along the Indian Ocean and soon, The East India Company was established in the 1600’s due to Britain’s economic power. Over time, the Scientific Revolution which resulted to the development of the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution stimulated the requirement for new colonies and raw materials. In 1858, Britain took control over India and passed a British rule by the title of The British Raj which brought passengers to South Asia along with their cultural methods, customs, technology advancements, and power competence. The British soon began to obtain resources for their industrial needs and replaced local leaders whom assembled factories and textiles industries leading the natives of India to despise the British. Colonies from many European nations were located throughout the subcontinent bringing along beneficial and difficulties in relations of dissimilar political ideas. European paid Indian soldiers to fight against other fellow Indians. Not only that, but ammunition pack also required them to remove the bullet with the process of biting it and consuming animal fat which belonged to cows. Cows were an animal sacred to the native. After switching to pigs, the Muslim residents were discontent as well. This intrusion from the foreign Europeans concluded the Indians with the desire of independence. Unfortunately, the contrasting Indians did not unite to fight off the trespassers, but instead rivaled against each other. Over periods of time, Indian nationalist movements continued to surface. Although the Nationalist movements did not contribute a big role in gaining independence to the country, they did bring a sense of Nationalism among the people. It was because of this Nationalism and Unity among Indians that caused the British to finally evacuate the country leaving behind a Secular Democracy of India. India went through an immense conversion from the impact of the arrival of the Europeans in the 16th century. With its abundance of resources and population, it became a benefit to the Europeans to conquer and colonize. New conflicts were created between them such as that of the Sepoy Rebellion which lasted till the First World War. Superior technology, political ideas, various customs, cultural methods were accommodated within the region transforming the nation and changing the course of history.

Company valuation is an art not a science Essay

Company valuation is an art not a science - Essay Example There are several rationales for mergers. Companies undertake M/A because of (a) synergy created by operating and financial economies, differential efficiency, or increased market power; (b) tax considerations; (c) purchase of assets below their replacement cost; and (d) diversification, not to mention possible managers’ personal incentives. For any of the four economic reasons mentioned, the M/A is successfully undertaken only if the resultant post-M/A firm attains a value greater than sum of the two separate firms (Brigham and House, 2004, p.796-798). A M/A is necessarily a sale or exchange, which means that the determination of company values is a requisite. There are various methods of valuation that may be undertaking for the purpose of M/A. These include assessing the target or merging companies’ book value, economic value, replacement value, and break-up value. The book value is the accounting value, that is, the net amount of the company’s total assets less total liabilities; the per-share value is arrived at by dividing this net amount by the number of common shares. As conveyed by its definition, the book value of a company is a straightforward valuation method based on historical transaction costs. The dividend-discount model, the most popular equity valuation method to determine the worth of the firm to the shareholders, is equal to the present value of all future cash dividends. This would prove useful to a company contemplating a financial merger that did not involve unifying operations. The target company is expected to conduct its business in the same way it has before the merger or acquisition, and the acquiring company expects to benefit in the nature of a majority stockholder (Helfert, 2003, pp. 390). The replacement or reproduction value is the amount that would be required to replace an existing fixed asset in kind. Replacement value is one

Attacks on Abortion Providers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Attacks on Abortion Providers - Essay Example That is, violence already resides within the very nature of relationship between the oppressor, and the oppressed. The truth needs to be evaluated and understood the necessity of violent uproar against such practices. This paper is an attempt to understand the differences and similarities between abolition and abortion concerning the attacks on slavery by John Brown and the attacks on abortion clinics in recent times. Abortion is a heated topic pitting pro-life and pro-choice advocates against each other. It may be defined as â€Å"the loss of a pregnancy before the fetus or fetuses are potentially capable of life independent of mother† (Potts, Diggory & Peel, 1977). The US constitution guarantees a right of privacy that includes a women’s right to have an abortion during the first thirteen weeks of pregnancy, and later to safeguard the woman’s life or health. The laws regarding a woman’s right for abortion varies in different regions, most specifically in Islamic countries where it is strictly prohibited. If we look at it from a religious perspective, then it becomes clear that it has been compared to commit a murder. The rate of conducting abortions has been constantly increasing in western and Islamic nations alike. For example, in USA, a total of 1.2 million abortions was performed in 2003, and about one-third of the total abortions were performed for women aged 20 to 24 (Zastrow & Kirst-Ashman, 2009). This has given birth to an un-ending argument between social and political sectors of society, over the legality of this act, and the un-holy attribute attached to this practice. This debate has yet to be resolved, but has paved a way for a newer form of terrorist activities that is known anti-abortion violence movement. The abortion controversy has been fraught with violence. Anti-abortion violence is violence committed against